What is the knowledge
based economy?
Better information,
appropriate channels to disseminate it and get to it, participation in all social
levels, educated users, eco-efficient resources, investment capital, connectivity
and competitive infrastructure, lower cost, higher efficiency,
public intelligent services, social inclusion, direct access and content
collaboration la collective
intelligence, support for small and middle sized companies, developing the search field for continuous
innovation
of the knowledge capital. In other words - use of knowledge technologies to produce
economic benefits.
The ultimate objective of a knowledge-based economy is gross domestic product growth
through investment in human capital, with information technology and training, learning
to generate and exploit knowledge.
Pan-continental and continental organizations for which social and economic development
of disadvantaged countries and regions is an important objective, as are
the World Bank
and the European Union,
that address important research programs for a better understanding of the needs
of the post-modern world. The results of these programs have identified solutions
and recommendations that European and international policies are built on.
The Lisbon Treaty (2007),ratified by all EU countries, including Romania,
the initiative i2010 şi Riga Declaration (2006) documents are to ensure the
transition from the
Information Society to knowledge society. A manifesto and also important study
and strategic plan is the political agenda of the next five years for „ future European knowledge society”, established in
September 2009, the Ministry of Communications of Sweden, a country which holds
the EU Council Presidency.
Knowledge based economy is a concept that Europe itself is trying, therefore, to
make it applicable to its culture, trying to keep intact human individuality, but
redefining the company as a whole.
What is the Project
Knowledge based economy?
In Romania, under a studyof the emerging knowledge based economy, prepared
by the World Bank's pre-accession (2003), were proposed a series of economic policies
that can reduce disparities identified in relation to European and international
standards. In this context, a team of experts from the Ministry of Communications
and Information Technology have developed the project documentation of the Knowledge
based economy, strategic pioneering
project for the Knowledge Economy Project (or KEP, the abbreviated
version of the jargon of work) and obtained a loan worth 60 million USD from World Bank, with participation
from the Government of Romania, of 9,4 mil.USD.
Being able to handle the computer was in the majority of places that I have been
in the norm. Maybe not everyone was so advanced as Saschiz or Laslea, where small
businessmen already manage their business on the Internet. Or as innovative as Viişoara,
where for the booming flower industry, residents consult the web for new varieties.
Or as enthusiastic as the Zlatna town where rehabilitation after closing down the
plant, brings together the local intellectuals before monitors. (Iaromira Popovici,
in Dilema Veche of August 7, 2009)
In essence, the project, scheduled to be held between 2006 and 2010, is addressed
to the rural and small urban area (cities with a population less than 30,000 inhabitants),
where there is no access to digital information and therefore no skill to use and
exploit it. The environments in which it was invested and is still being invested
is the building of skills that can compete in local development, causing changes
in nature by transforming community centers in sustainable economically and
socially competitive societies - culture, education, local government
and the business environment.
Therefore, a multi-sectoral vision, whose stake is actually the skills obtained
by audience groups that will know how to get information, to use it wisely and to
produce further knowledge that it turned into profit. In practical terms, this profit
is reflected in a variety of results that improve the quality of life: power, time, competitiveness, money, experience,
openness, equal rights etc.
The good part of a complicated story, as is our project, is that, once the beneficiaries
get in touch with the science of using instruments, there is no need for external
intervention to keep awake the need created. They themselves will be
relays development. It is an irreversible process of cultural change, which creates
a recipe applicable throughout rural and small-urban societies.
There is a happy marriage between the strength of this vision and results already
achieved, which put Romania on the list of best practices in Europe: the project
entered the final competition e-Inclusion organized by the European Commission
in late 2008, receiving a medal at the section Geographical Inclusion.
KEP has been awarded one of the 35 medals to which ran more than 400 projects in
37 participating countries.
A year earlier, Knowledge based economy was designated as „ project with the best information content”,
by IT&C market representatives, during the IT&C Romanian Awards fpr
the year 2006.
n the Romanian space, perhaps the most beautiful recognition came from the quality
press. The weekly Dilema Veche dedicated, in the summer of 2009, a comprehensive
dossier which is an X-ray, the changes in Romanian villages after nearly
three years of prioiect. [...] and it doesn't relate just to a technology that the
governmental programs via European organizations introduce „officially “
in the life of people, but the power that they acquired learning to use this technology.
(Extract from the article that talks about second literacy of Romania.)
«A mosaic that is being built by people who have ceased to expect passively
the future, but they began to build it.»
Who runs the project?
The equation could look like: 1 (minister) + 14 (specialists) + 255 (managers RECL)
+ 255 (IT administrators)
Project Coordination respect a set of clear procedures imposed by the World Bank
and adopted in any project management process achieved international standards.
That is one of componentes project
is devoted entirely to project management, containing plans and
indicators of deadlock, communication, risk, change, quality, human resources, etc.,
all subject to a continuous process of
monitoring and evaluation which dictates the manner of implementation of
objectives.
The management accountability act was done by innovation in the space of public
projects, namely the statutory role of national coordinator of the Minister
of resort himself, mandated to lead the project as planned by management
and the Romanian legislation.
Project Management Unit, ensures the strategic level (central)
management and consists of a team of specialists in education and training, e-government,
business administration, communication, procurement, financial accounting and human
resources.
For the plan of management objectives would not exist without electronic networks
of local communities, representing the project's
RECL managers and IT administrators that ensure operational level
of (local) management.
What are the partner
institutions involved in conducting the project?
What are the objectives
of the project?
Major components of the project in all fields that have a role in the knowledge
society and its strategic vision was calibrated as follows:
- Ensuringaccess to information for reducing the digital
gap (to ensure dissemination of knowledge)
- Digital Literacy and skills for an inclusive society
(human factor as producers and consumers of knowledge)
- Promoting and providinglocal eGovernment services to establish
a correct relationship between the taxpayer and the State
- Stimulating entrepreneurial initiatives for a sustainable
local development
What happened so far
in the Project?
At the end of 2005, began ambitious journey of a young team, dedicated entirely
to new targets, unprecedented in the local area. A team that would take management
decisions that affected nearly 8% of people in the country and set out to find quick
solutions to problems arising due to exclusive features, flaws and sensitivities
of disadvantaged populations, disconnected from mainland reality. Tutea said, visionarily:
the solution for the Romanian vice is not the oxen wagon and walking in the mud with mocassins,
but but tenacious modern industrialization.
Piloting, the foundation of reforms
Gap that separates the advanced societies of the disadvantaged ones in terms of
access to knowledge can be filled with reforms capable of generating significant
changes, reducing imbalances.
So the first objective:
reducing the digital divide between urban and rural society. The
first step was to identify the nine communities that formed an experimental
network: Lăpuşnicu
Mare, Albeştii de Muscel,
Aninoasa,
Jurilovca, Targu Lăpuş,
Ostra,
Corund, Şinca Veche
and Pilu. The basic
criterion for the election of the pilot communities was that of national coverage
so that every community would serve as spokesman of the typology of origin.
The piloting process was perhaps one of the most relevant moments
in the history of the project: it was when the radiography of the local universe
was made, when the first feasibility studies were developed, were established the
scaling strategies, the needs were identified and were developed a set of recommendations
on whoose action plan was created the the entire project.
Notable for understanding the phenomenon are the program of Technical Assistance
regarding integrating ICT into Secondary Education , held in the pilot
schools and Training program for IT skills, whose beneficiaries
were civil servants, teachers, the staff of Electronic Network of local communities,
entrepreneurs, but other people in the pilot communities.
Access to information
The pilot network would become shortly the foundation which the 246 Local Communities
Electronic Networks (RECL) were built on. Because in Romania, according
to a sociological study, the number of localities cutt off from knowledge is more
than one thousand- one third of all territorial-administrative units - engaging
in a competition was necessary to the local authorities concerned. The selection
process was
seven stages and was finished with the completion
of the list of beneficiaries.
RECL Logical scheme
Second step: Communication Infrastructure.
Full deployment, thousands of kilometers of fiber, tons of equipment, design and
implementation of RECL, acquisition of furniture and all that entails ensuring the
proper operation conditions. All it was established as the Community Support
Center (CSC), call-center dedicated to the whole KEP network, which
provides technical assistance and support for community development issues.
Investing in the social capital
Third step: selecting and training
the human resources of RECL. From feasibility studies it was apparent that
the optimal formula of the local team of „knowledge specialists” is
in collaboration of two experts with specific tasks: a network manager (manager
RECL), which was going to have an important role in the community, namely a
connector and promoter of the factors contributing to local development
and an IT administrator, who was going to maintain the integrated information
system network. The Public Access Point to information (PAPI) would
become the most popular network node.
The 255 RECLs have created,consequently , 502 jobs
for as many inhabitants of our communities. The RECL Personnel was dedicated training
sessions in several areas related to the knowledge-based economy: management,
marketing, communication, use of ICT, local economic development.
Perhaps the most important professional training program is to support the intensive
course for
using ICT in school and business, completed in the summer of 2009 with the
granting of over 5000 CNFPA certificates . Addressed to all members
of the KEP communities, especially to teachers, librarians, entrepreneurs and public
officials, the course was conceived and structured in a personalized manner, using
the basic indicators of the socio-professional profile of beneficiaries, their needs,
the degree of familiarity with computer use and digital resources.
- Medrea Alexandrina, Saschiz teacher:
- «By implementing the project EBC, the services available
in our school are: access to the Internet, use of PC courses, facilitating exchange
and partnership, and why not, the competitions with other schools, use of modern
teaching and learning.»
- Adina Grădinaru, local councilwoman, Ibăneşti :
- «You are doing a great job. These courses should
be organized at the village level, on large areas.»
- Radu Aniela, Entrepreneur, Rebricea :
- «The course was extremely well planned and presented
which made the learning process easy and enjoyable.»
- Tomulescu Silviu, civil servant, Slobozia Bradului:
- «In PAPI I learned many things from the RECL team,
especially how to use the computer. My knowledge of computers were quite confusing
at first, but gradually I began to learn how to format text, how to manipulate a
database, use the Internet and email, etc.. I can say now that I know I how to use
the PC as much as I didn't hope at college graduation.»
The approach involved an unprecedented deployment of forces, but the effort was
worth it. Not only because they have open access to information, but it also had
a significant component of inclusion on the basis of age: the monitoring
report shows a volume of almost 40% of the graduates are over
40 years of age.
Graduates that come from a business background were invited to further their learning
by participating in seven regional seminars dedicated exclusively
to entrepreneurs. The structure of the seminars gave information entrepreneurs about
open calls for the granting of European funds, presentations of success cases, notions
about online marketing and e-business eComunitate portal-applied.
- Petre Bunea, Associate, SC Contab BP SRL:
- «This seminar is very beneficial by providing opportunities
for developing activities in rural areas.»
- Cerasela Şerban, Sales Manager, SC HAPPY HOLIDAYS SRL:
- «I am glad that someone is interested in small entrepreneurs
and really wants to change something in this country. Maybe this way we can keep
our valuable people in the country.»
ICT in schools, innovation in education
Next Step:integrating
TIC in education. An example that expresses perhaps best the benefits of
access to knowledge in shaping the student comes from Constantine Noica said:
„ Our generation (i.e interbelic generation) ost half of his
life walking through libraries, to collect references. Now a zitty teenager presses
a button and has all the books available ” (aproximative
translation).
Using resources in the digital environment in the educational process during primary
and secondary education was, until now, only one alternative. Although just a click
away, there is a horizon of knowledge that abolishes the limits of communication
and offers a huge amount of resources, schools in Romania, especially those in local
communities were deprived of this privilege.
Therefore, the development of public policies ICT integration in the undergraduate education
system was the first goal that was achieved by the joint working
professionals MKII-MATCH, in education.
In parallel with public policy, the schools from the KEP communities had the opportunity
to experience a program of
local partnerships (networking) and
twinning with schools from the European Union.
The project of
school partnership has set out to change the design that access
to digital information is a luxury; for such an approach generates insecurities,
slow pace of learning, limites the chances of qualitative training and prevents
exploitation of the human potential. Access to digital information is necessity
without which the modern world, can not learn in competitive terms.
Teachers learned to work together and to participate at joint school
development programs.
They learned to use the technological infrastructure of the project and to strengthen
their role as community formers, to demonstratethat school
can be a local dynamic factor. They learned to discover new knowledge
with their students. They learned to prepare a grant application, have acquired
managerial skills. The program ended with a session of practical workshops,
in which teachers have made teams and recaped together, the learned lessons, moreover,
some participants presentations on best practices in teaching school.
- 9 National Partnership projects (42 schools, 135 teachers, 1300 students involved)
25% increase in ICT skills in the teaching staff of EBC (compared national average)
55 teachers initiated in Web 2.0
34 teachers started to use advanced ICT in education and writing projects
14 school twinning projects Romania-EU
239 teachers participating in the conference
45 school partnerships
A student that learns how to use,in the formative process, access to information
technology will have the chance to develop skills and access the wonderful adventure
of knowledge. He will develop skills of synthesis, cognitive prioritization and
concentration. Moreover, interaction with the digital environment has also a playful
element to foster inter-human capabilities that experience both student and teacher.
The relationship is established with the teacher will become a construction based
on human values such as trust, genuine admiration and respect.
Over three hundred professors and teachers across the country from all age groups
filled a conference room with their hopes. The opening, the release, practices,
communication and attitude that have brought the program to an end, easy, on the
same landing with their counterparts in urban teaching company. Innovation in education
Innovation in education
Although innovation is one of the fundamental pillars of the knowledge economy,
online references about the Romanian language, like innovation in education
are almost nonexistent. Search on Google the phrase„ innovation in education” and you will be surprised
to receive 13 results, of which only 10 go to home pages. The first result is the
European Commission that sends us a page dedicated to European Year of Creativity and Innovation.
The best introduction to the initiative
e-Vacanţa! (interschool competition launched at the beginning of our project)that,
pending implementation of public policies, prepared the premises of adopting a
educational process based on innovation. Over the four editions that
were held during 2006
- 2009, eVacanţa promoted a way of non-formal learning that has brought
amazing results (where results mean even products created by students).
It would be appropiate to
go through the list of participating schools and click any of them. You
will find one pole of quality content created by children from disadvantaged
communities of KEP, children from which we learned at least a priceless lesson:
that they do not require a lot, to develop together new projects, using digital
resource. We were glad to reward them.
Creativity without limits in the Knowledge based economy project
- 118
schools were included in the project e-VACANŢĂ!
- 77 schools loaded
materials under the Regulation
- 9768 is the
number of materials loaded
- 117,6 is the
maximum number of points earned
Electronic governance
Another step:
electronic governance. In most of our communities and, in general, in the
rular environment citizens transport their documents by cart, in file folders, tens
of kilometers (or even hundreds, after the example above), to the local authority
to have an Apostille put on them. To establish a proper relationship between state
and citizen, reduce costs, save time, not let taxpayers talk to a stand
, after staying in a queue, winter or summer, all of these have been identified
as needs which to their support come the services of
electronic governance.
[...] optical fibre was installed in Savîrşin city beacause, otherwise, Public
Finances would there be abolished, since they could not transmit data to the county
administration, and people ought to walk 100 km round trip to the nearest point,
on a road full of curves and very crowded. Thus had had the Săvîrşin citizens to
benefit from connecting to the Internet. The account belongs RECL manager
of Vărădia de Mure, which tells us something about the snow ball effect that our
project started in close communities, not KEP network.
Our project has proposed to help the citizens by providing a local government integrated system, capable of issuing civil status documents
(birth, marriage and death certificates). In other words, the system brings
the village database record of the person (which, at present, is in Bucharest and
at the county residence), and filing the documents,by the citizen, is reduced to
a form electronically transmitted online. Preparation of the technical documentation
and the necessary documents and implementation of acquisition was a long process
and is the result of the study and technical analysis completed by a common
working group MCSI-MAI.
The project also invest in a system dedicated to environmental stimulation of
the business environment, system that provides a
platform for online registration of the authorized individuals
and of the family associations who want to start a business. To be quickly
made available to potential entrepreneurs, territory officials attended use courses.
Unfortunately, the platform can not be put into use until you will suffer some changes
due to new legislation.
Grants for Innovation in Business
Here's a chapter about innovation and
stimulating the business environment equally. There are voices that say,
perhaps rightly, that use of the phrase „business environment ” in the
country side is a bit pretentious. That residents of disadvantaged communities lack
entrepreneurial spirit and even if there were incentives, there wouldn't be the
neccessary tools to believe in an initiative. And be innovative as well? Certainly
such an approach leads nowhere. Our project has set out to invent, to promote and
to provide tools to teach science entrepreneurs to use them and thus to regain self-confidence.
It is true that, the
most common field of small businesses in our communities is mostly tied
with trade and less with service and production (there are also producers that were
able to create
profit centers exploiting the specific nature or simply innovating). Financial
incentives could help to strengthen, to develop business or more, to start a new
business, namely one with added technology. The logic of the last sentence forms
the major component of our project, the one dedicated to the business environment,
for which has been invented the grants funding scheme
e-Creştere the most complex module
of the portal eComunitate.
The launch of the funding program was part of an awareness campaign, with seven
regional seminars, appearances in local media, peak appearances on national television
and other commercial channels dedicated to business people. The scheme has been
addressed to the Individuals and family associations that
can create a better visibility in the online environment, but as
well as micro-companies who wish to become more competitive,
purchasing for example, a customer relationship management system or a production
line that uses cutting-edge technology. The application dossier was
designed in a friendly manner (in relation to the application to structural programs,
for example), and the absorption rate was 5,6 milioane RON.
We are in the autumn 2009 and PMU specialists seek optimal solutions to invest in
the project in its last year, all being incentives for the business environment.
e-Creştere tried to run an innovative grant scheme that will return,
probably next year, in a form able to obtain a greater degree of absorption. To
devise a successful strategy we must above all, identify the needs of our entrepreneurs
and establish a plan with pragmatic goals, even if the road to them involves efforts
of technical assistance, coaching grants or loans, or, why not all at once.
e-Business with dedication
Most likely we will use as an integrator the business module of the portal eComunitate,
module able to provide any functional instruments to any business start :
online presence, e-commerce, on-line marketing, development resources, experience
exchange. The series of seminars addressed to the entrepreneurs who have graduated
the course of using ICT in business, online coaching sessions that we are trying
to recalibrate in order for them to end with tangible results, technical assistance
offered to the most active participants – all of these will be integrated
and connected into a joint vision that we hope will pay off.
An encouraging example is the understanding that one of the participants demonstrated
which, after an attended presentation of business module of the portal, has testified
that he felt regret that he did not know of opportunities offered by our website,
when he sold his calf. „Had I posted an advert here,I would stop struggling
to find a buyer. Surely is someone who need a calf and that I could come in contact
with the portal.”
The eComunitate.ro Portal is a unique initiative in our country,
being maybe, the most complex content site funded by the Government. The site features
the 255 communities, but also a social network where users transfer knowledge and
generate content using Web 2.0 technologies. The journalistic endeavour identifies
topics that would otherwise remain unspoken. Thus was created the
„success stories“ series promoting best practices on local development
or simply, tells about people who have succeeded, with dedication and skill, to
drive profitable businesses or to capture the community spirit.
What results have
been achieved so far?
Major figures, the macro-vision, the project can be found in
our publications informative or in
project's report. Because we talk about results, and that the project
reached now a point from which we can make an in depth assesment, we will use in
this chapter, precise information as they are presented in the last report monitoring
and evaluation (M&E on a sample of 85 KEP communities. Dates: first
quarter of 2009 compared with first quarter of 2008) and market research
(Market research, quantitative and qualitative held nationally, on a representative
sample of 1242 people. Deployment period: 1 February to 27 April 2009).
Monitoring and evaluation indicators: 2009 vs. 2008 GROWTH :
- Training sessions held at PAPI + over 100%
- Projects developed in schools + 23%
- Projects developed in libraries + over 100%
- Companies-local entrepreneurs who used the RECL resources
to access services of central or local government + over 200%
- PAPI services dedicated to local micro-enterprises +
over 7,75 %
- Projects financed by the European Union and other sources
+ over 50%
- Partnerships between local companies and regional ones
+ over 39 %
Quantitative indicators of market research: 2009 vs. 2008 GROWTH
- PAPI notoriety + 29 %
- Computer utilization (total population KEP) + 10 %
- Internet usage (total population KEP) + 11%
- The level of ICT knowledge (of teachers) + 21 %
What comes next?
The economic crisis, poverty, feelings of exclusion, the lack of digital skills,
distrust of local actors should be converted into legitimacy, skills, confidence
in their ability to succeed, confidence in authorities, the regaining of self-esteem,
intercommunity cooperation. We could also add connecting of rural households
to the wider market and transfering extra information in rural areas, rural community.
(The two recommendations were separated from the discussion on research results
that we had around a round table organized by the kindness of professor Peter Datculescu
in the summer of 2009. ).
The last year of the project is essential to get us where we set out to go and therefore
requires an integrated effort, able to connect and to coagulate
the results of four years of the project. Almost all activities planned will take
place on competitive criteria, so that human resources can be properly justified.
In other words, we invest in the transfer of knowledge to beneficiaries of the project,
which will be given much more than the joy of being competent but also social recognition.
Whether it's the staff's RECL or teachers, entrepreneurs or librarians.
25 ICT skills training centers
The first competition was the selection of the 25 communities that will be accredited
to support training sessions for the acquisition, approved by the NATB, of abilities
to use ICT. The selection process was carried out at national level and the winning
communities will receive soon, the right to promote their new service on a regional
basis, making it into a profitable center.
The 25 centers provide a network of locally managed trainers, which will continue
what the Knowledge Based Economy Project started in accessibility, when it trained
5,000 people who received CNFPA certificates. It is obvious that services offered
by network training will address the entire population, KEP or non-KEP.
255 Resource Centers for Community Development
I.e the Public Access Point to Information, whose role will be improved expanded
and developed. Currently, PAPI receives reduced financial resources and the equipment
offered in the project lacks a viable plan for sustainability, that would provide
an ideal framework for operation. The
technical assistence program Community Development takes into account
the legitimacy of PAPI, through the RECL personnel training and drawing up sustainability
plans of local networks, so that they become more competitive, more visible and ready
to engage in social development, partnerships and media projects of non-governmental
organizations or local market businesses.
Local project coordinators (or
LPCs, in the working jargon) will facilitate the linkage between strategic management
and operational in the same program dedicated to community development. They will
assist KEP communities for creating the necessary documentation for submission of
projects financed with EU money and will assist in designing plans for sustainability,
will facilitate partnerships between local authorities and private organizations
and participate actively on all levels, in the process of outlining the sustainability.
RECL manager will be motivated to acquire the role of promoter of community welfare,
that must perceive him as a factor to improve quality of life. In order for
him to instrument such a responsability, he will have to go through a close, even
meticulous process, training, monitoring and evaluation, whose
results will decide on its role.
The same will happen among IT managers, who will be trained to use the technical
infrastructure in order to broaden the scope of services offered, at present, at
PAPI.
Coaching for entrepreneurs everywhere
Entrepreneurs are a special topic in the management meetings of the PMU. Obviously,
without private initiative, with its role of regulating the market and the role
it has in the knowledge based economy, the local development process would slow
down or, simply would not exist. That is why the efforts made to support entrepreneurs
are of vital importance and deserves attention. The more so as the general economic
context of the financial crisis is demoralizing.
There is a dedicated strategic vision in respect to the business representatives,
vision that integrates all components of the project in a way which probably is
unprecedented:
- about 700 potential entrepreneurs and over 500 entrepreneurs have graduated during
the use of ICT in business
- half of them learned the in-depth lessons, participating in regional seminars
IT-Finance-Profitability
- all are invited to continue the learning process, participating in six online coaching
sessions taking place on the eComunitate Portal. The type of information that they
will be exposed to in the
coaching sessions will be exclusively practical and will address punctual
knowledge needs of the participants (techniques of promoting and online marketing, the creating of the presentation site,
optimizing notions in
search engines, internet banking, free platforms for e-commerce etc).
- the most active participants will be invited in person at a „live” workshop
of the virtual one, in which they will get a professional trainer, that will assist
to create the online attendace.
- further, several participants will be selected who will receive a complete package
of online promotion, customized according to the specific business owned by the
winner
The second session, which follows the same steps, will be held throughout the course
of 2010 and is intended to duplicate the efforts of a technical assistance program
for entrepreneurs
Dedicated support to KEP schools
Regarding teachers, according to research to date a significant increase in their
ability to use ICT in school is revealed. This qualitative leap creates prerequisites
for a technical assistance program dedicated to KEP schools. The program was designed
to teach teachers to use technical resource and digital content in the teaching
process, to improve ICT-based teaching techniques, to create interschool partnerships
to draw in funds
As we approve the final form of each type of technical assistance, we will return
with updates.
Ending
In villages and small towns from our country there are people with potential, wasted
on obsolete mentalities and imprisoned in a society that can not evolve. Trades
are lost due to the lack of market demand and, with them, tradition as well. Learning
with chalk on the board persists and with it, the lack of open mindness of the learners
that do not know alternatives. Books are usually found in the metropolitan area
and with it, the readers’ from villages access. The citizens’ documents
are transported by cart up to the local authority that must make its Apostille.
That is why we teach them to exploit their knowledge and give them access to what
ourselves have: competent management of information that represents knowledge capital